georesГеоресурсыGeoresources1608-50431608-5078Georesursy LLC10.18599/grs.2023.1.12geores-90Research ArticleРАЗРАБОТКА И ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ ПОЛЕЗНЫХ ИСКОПАЕМЫХEXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL DEPOSITSОбоснование оптимального типа профиля заканчивания скважин на основе ретроспективной оценки технико экономических показателей эксплуатацииJustification of the optimal type of well completion profile based on a retrospective assessment of the technical and economic performance indicatorsЗайцевР. А.ZaitsevR. A.

Роман Александрович Зайцев – начальник отдела проектирования и мониторинга разработки Осинской и Кунгурской группы месторождений

614066, Пермь, ул. Советской Армии, д. 29

Roman A. Zaitsev – Head of Design and Monitoring of Osinskaya and Kungurskaya group of fields

29, Soviet army St., Perm, 614066

МартюшевД. А.MartyushevD. A.

Дмитрий Александрович Мартюшев – кандидат тех. наук, доцент кафедры Нефтегазовые технологии

614066, Пермь, пр-т Комсомольский, д. 29

Dmitriy A. Martyushev – Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Assistant Professor, Department of Oil and Gas  Technologies

29, Soviet army St., Perm, 614066

martyushevd@inbox.ruфилиал ООО «ЛУКОЙЛ-Инжиниринг» «ПермНИПИнефть» в г. ПермиРоссияOOO «LUKOIL-Engineering” “PermNIPIneft” in PermRussian FederationПермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университетРоссияPerm National Research Polytechnic UniversityRussian Federation202313042024251119129Copyright © Зайцев Р.А., Мартюшев Д.А., 20242024Зайцев Р.А., Мартюшев Д.А.Zaitsev R.A., Martyushev D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.geors.ru/jour/article/view/90

На сегодняшний день накоплен значительный зарубежный и отечественный опыт строительства и эксплуатации горизонтальных, многоствольных и многозабойных скважин в различных горно-геологических условиях. Несмотря на то, что горизонтальные скважины имеют много преимуществ, значительные капиталовложения, необходимые для бурения и заканчивания скважин, являются сдерживающими факторами. В связи с этим крайне важным становится принятие решения о выборе оптимального профиля скважины в конкретных геолого-физических условиях. Актуальность работы также подтверждается тем, что на некоторых объектах разработки отмечается снижение дебита нефти горизонтальных скважин до уровня наклонно-направленных в начальный период эксплуатации. Рассматриваемые в работе нефтяные месторождения Пермского края, эксплуатирующиеся горизонтальными скважинами, характеризуются существенным различием фильтрационно-емкостных свойств и объединены в несколько групп: «северную» (С) и две «южных» (Ю1 и Ю2 ). Основным параметром при выделении групп является коэффициент подвижности нефти. Выполненная в статье поскважинная технико-экономическая оценка, основанная на фактических значениях добычи за многолетний период, позволила выявить оптимальный профиль скважины в зависимости от геолого-физических характеристик коллектора. Объединив основные геологические характеристики залежей с экономической оценкой, построены зависимости чистого дисконтированного дохода от гидропроводности пласта, позволяющие рекомендовать тип профиля скважины в конкретных геолого-физических условиях. Также в работе для разнообразных геолого-физических условий определено значение минимально рентабельной добычи нефти для различного профиля скважин. Таким образом, в работе создана основа, необходимая для определения типа профиля скважин при планировании эксплуатационного бурения.

To date, significant foreign and domestic experience has been accumulated in the construction and operation of horizontal, multilateral and multilateral wells, as well as the restoration of an idle well stock by drilling sidetracks and sidetracks into various productive formations: low-permeability and highly dissected, with low values of effective oil-saturated thicknesses, degraded hydrodynamic connection with the contour area, etc. In this regard, it becomes extremely important to make a decision on choosing the optimal well profile in specific geological and physical conditions. The relevance of the work is also confirmed by the fact that at some development sites there is a decrease in the oil production rate of horizontal wells to the level of directional wells in the initial period of operation. Based on a significant difference in the reservoir properties of oil fields in the Perm Territory, all the analyzed objects operated by horizontal wells are combined into several groups: “northern” (N) and two “southern” (S1 and S2 ). The main parameter in the selection of groups was the coefficient of mobility of oil. The well-by-well technical and economic assessment performed in the article, based on the actual values of production over a long period, made it possible to identify the optimal well profile depending on the geological and physical characteristics of the reservoir. Combining the main geological characteristics that affect the technological parameters of well operation, with an economic assessment, the dependences of the net present value on the formation hydraulic conductivity were built. Dependences built for the first time make it possible to reasonably select the well profile in specific geological and physical conditions. Also in the work for a variety of geological and physical conditions, the value of the minimum profitable oil production for various well profiles is determined. Thus, the basis has been created, which is necessary for determining the profile of wells when planning production drilling.

горизонтальные скважиныкарбонатный коллектортехнико-экономическая оценкапроницаемость пластагидропроводностьпрофиль скважинынакопленная добыча нефтиhorizontal wellscarbonate reservoirfeasibility studyreservoir permeabilityhydraulic conductivitywell profilecumulative oil productionИсследование выполнено в рамках гранта Президента Российской Федерации для государственной поддержки ведущих научных школ Российской Федерации (номер гранта НШ-1010.2022.1.5). Название проекта: «Геологическое обоснование методов повышения извлечения нефти для месторождений с трудноизвлекаемыми запасами».The research was completed with the support of the grant of the President of the Russian Federation for state support of leading scientific schools of the Russian Federation (grant number NSh-1010.2022.1.5). Project title: “Geological evidence of applications improved oil recovery methods for fields with hard-to-recover reserves”.ReferencesБергенов С.У., Чернова О.С., Зипир М.Г. (2020). Методика оценка ожидаемых запускных дебитов горизонтальных скважин на примере газоконденсатного месторождения. Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов, 331(3), с. 207–212. https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2020/3/2563Bergenov S.U., Chernova O.S., Zipir M.G. (2020). Methodology for assessing the expected starting flow rates of horizontal wells in gas and gas condensate fields. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, Geo Assets Engineering, 331(3), pp. 207–212. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2020/3/2563Воеводкин В.Л., Лядова Н.А., Окромелидзе Г.В., Мещеряков К.А., Сунцов С.В., Мальков Ю.В. (2018). Опыт и перспективы строительства скважин малого диаметра на месторождениях ООО «ЛУКОЙЛ-ПЕРМЬ». Нефтяное хозяйство, 12, с. 98–102. https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2018-12-98-102Bin Liu, Shiqing Cheng, Xiangrong Nie, Yongjie Zhao (2013). Evaluation of damage to horizontal wells through equivalent horizontal well length. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 40(3), pp. 378–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(13)60046-4Воеводкин В.Л., Чертенков М.В. (2019). Новые технологии в компании «ЛУКОЙЛ»: от простого к сложному. Нефтяное хозяйство, 8, с. 62–66. https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2019-8-62-66Foroud T., Seifi A., Hassani H. (2012). Surrogate-based Optimization of Horizontal Well Placement in a Mature Oil Reservoir. Petroleum Science and Technology, 30(11), pp. 1091–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2010.519751Зайцев Р.А. (2022). Оценка влияния длины горизонтального участка на эффективность эксплуатации скважин. Нефтепромысловое дело, 6(642), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.33285/0207-2351-2022-6(642)-47-52Hector Ngozi Akangbou, Martin Burby, Ghasem Nasr (2017). Effectively optimizing production of horizontal wells in homogeneous oil reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 150, pp. 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.12.005Зайцев Р.А., Распопов А.В. (2020). Опыт разработки месторождений Пермского края горизонтальными скважинами. Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Геология. Нефтегазовое и горное дело, 20(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9923/2020.2.8Hu, J., Zhang, G., Jiang, P., Wang, X., Wang, L., Pei, H. (2023). A new method of water control for horizontal wells in heavy oil reservoirs. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 222, 211391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2022.211391Иктисанов В.А. (2018). Моделирование притока жидкости к скважинам со сложной архитектурой с использованием метода сферического обтекания. Нефтяное хозяйство, 5, с. 52–55. https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2018-5-52-55Ibrahem Yousef, V.P. Morozov, V. Sudakov, I. Idrisov, A.N. Kolchugin (2021). Sedimentary diagenesis and pore characteristics for the reservoir evaluation of Domanik formations (Semiluksk and Mendymsk) in the central part of Volga-Ural petroleum province. Petroleum Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.08.002Иктисанов В.А. (2020). Описание установившегося притока жидкости к скважинам различной конфигурации и различным частичным вскрытием. Записки Горного Института, 243, с. 305–312. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2020.3.305Iktissanov V.A. (2018). Modelling of fluid flow toward complexarchitecture wells using spherical flowing approach. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo = Oil industry, 5, pp. 52–55. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2018-5-52-55Киселев В.М., Кинсфатор А.Р., Бойков О.И. (2015). Прогноз оптимальных направлений горизонтальных стволов для разработки Юрубчено-Томоховского месторождения. Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Геология. Нефтегазовое и горное дело, 14(15), c. 20–27. https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9923/2015.15.3Iktissanov V.A. (2020). Description of steady inflow od fluid to wells with different configuration and various partial drilling-in. Journal of Mining Institute, 243, pp. 305–312. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31897/PMI.2020.3.305Мартюшев Д.А., Зайцев Р.А. (2019). Влияние петрофизических параметров рифогенных карбонатных коллекторов нефтяных месторождений турнейско-фаменских отложений Верхнего Прикамья на продуктивность добывающих скважин. Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов, 330(11), с. 77–85. https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2019/11/2350Jing Zhao (2011). Development techniques of horizontal wells in low permeability reservoirs, Jilin Oilfield. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 38(5), pp. 594–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(11)60058-XМартюшев Д.А., Слушкина А.Ю. (2019). Оценка информативности определения фильтрационных параметров пласта на основе интерпретации кривых стабилизации давления. Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов, 330(10), с. 26–32. https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2019/10/2295Kiselev V.M., Kinsfator A.R., Boikov O.I. (2015). Calculation of optimum courses of horizontal shafts to develop Yurubcheno-Tokhomskoye oilfield. Bulletin of PNRPU. Geology. Oil & Gas Engineering & Mining, 14(15), рр. 20–27. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9923/2015.15.3Пономарева И.Н., Мартюшев Д.А. (2020). Оценка результатов гидравлического разрыва пласта на основе анализа геолого-промысловых данных. Георесурсы, 22(2), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.2020.2.8-14Liang Zhang, ZhiPing Li, FengPeng Lai, Hong Li, Caspar Daniel Adenutsi, KongJie Wang, Sen Yang, WenLong Xu (2019). Integrated optimization design for horizontal well placement and fracturing in tight oil reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 178, pp. 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.03.006Таипова В.А., Шайдуллин А.А., Шамсутдинов М.Ф. (2017). Горизонтальные скважины и гидроразрыв в повышении эффективности разработки нефтяных месторождений на примере НГДУ «Азнакаевскнефть» ПАО «Татнефть». Георесурсы, 19(3), c. 198–203. https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.19.3.8Lifeng Liu, Qiquan Ran, Jinping Kong and Xin Wang (2020). Spacing optimization of horizontal wells in Pu 34 tight oil reservoir of Daqing oilfield. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 467, pp. 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/467/1/012008Тарасов А.Е., Старосветсков В.В. (2017). Оптимизация процесса геологического сопровождения бурения горизонтальных скважин на примере месторождения им. В.Н. Виноградова. Бурение и нефть, 7–8, c. 61.Martyushev D.A., Slushkina A.Yu. (2019). Assessment of informative value in determination of reservoir filtration parameters based on interpretation of pressure stabilization curves. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, Geo Assets Engineering, 330(10), pp. 26–32. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2019/10/2295Якупов Р.Ф., Мухаметшин В.Ш., Хакимзянов И.Н., Трофимов В.Е. (2019). Оптимизация выработки запасов из водонефтяных зон горизонта D3 PS Шкаповского нефтяного месторождения с помощью горизонтальных скважин. Георесурсы, 21(3), c. 55–61. https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.3.55-61Martyushev D.A., Zaytsev R.A. (2019). Influence of oilfield reef carbonate reservoir petrophysical parameters of tournasian-famennian deposits in Upper Kama on well productivity. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, Geo Assets Engineering, 330(11), pp. 77–85. https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2019/11/2350Bin LIU, Shiqing CHENG, Xiangrong NIE, Yongjie ZHAO (2013). Evaluation of damage to horizontal wells through equivalent horizontal well length. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 40(3), pp. 378–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(13)60046-4Martyushev, D.A., Ponomareva, I.N., Chukhlov, A.S., Davoodi, S., Osovetsky, B.M., Kazymov, K.P., Yang, Y. (2023). Study of void space structure and its influence on carbonate reservoir properties: X-ray microtomography, electron microscopy, and well testing. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 151, 106192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106192Foroud T., Seifi A., Hassani H. (2012). Surrogate-based Optimization of Horizontal Well Placement in a Mature Oil Reservoir. Petroleum Science and Technology, 30(11), pp. 1091–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2010.519751Mohammadian, E., Dastgerdi, M. E., Manshad, A. K., Mohammadi, A. H., Liu, B., Iglauer, S., Keshavarz, (2022). A. Application of underbalanced tubing conveyed perforation in horizontal wells: A case study of perforation optimization in a giant oil field in Southwest Iran. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 6(4), pp. 296–305. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2022.04.04Hector Ngozi Akangbou, Martin Burby, Ghasem Nasr (2017). Effectively optimizing production of horizontal wells in homogeneous oil reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 150, pp. 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.12.005Nazari, H., Hajizadeh, F. (2023)/ Estimation of permeability from a hydrocarbon reservoir located in southwestern Iran using well-logging data and a new intelligent combined method. Carbonates Evaporites, 38, 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-022-00840-yHu, J., Zhang, G., Jiang, P., Wang, X., Wang, L., Pei, H. (2023). A new method of water control for horizontal wells in heavy oil reservoirs. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 222, 211391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2022.211391Omid Hazbeh, Saeed Khezerloo-ye Aghdam, Hamzeh Ghorbani, Nima Mohamadian, Mehdi Ahmadi Alvare, Jamshid Moghadasi (2021). Comparison of accuracy and computational performance between the machine learning algorithms for rate of penetration in directional drilling well. Petroleum Research, 6(3), pp. 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.02.004Ibrahem Yousef, V.P. Morozov, V. Sudakov, I. Idrisov, A.N. Kolchugin (2021). Sedimentary diagenesis and pore characteristics for the reservoir evaluation of Domanik formations (Semiluksk and Mendymsk) in the central part of Volga-Ural petroleum province. Petroleum Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.08.002Peng Chen, Changpeng Hu, Pingguo Zou, Lili Lin, Song Lu, Xincheng Gao (2021). Pressure Response of a Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoirs with Stimulated Reservoir Volume. Lithosphere, Sp. 1, pp. 5383603. https://doi.org/10.2113/2021/5383603Jing Zhao (2011). Development techniques of horizontal wells in low permeability reservoirs, Jilin Oilfield. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 38(5), pp. 594–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(11)60058-XPonomareva, I.N., Martyushev, D.A. (2020). Evaluation of hydraulic fracturing results based on the analysis of geological field data. Georesursy = Georesources, 22(2), pp. 8–14. https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.2020.2.8-14Liang Zhang, ZhiPing Li, FengPeng Lai, Hong Li, Caspar Daniel Adenutsi, KongJie Wang, Sen Yang, WenLong Xu (2019). Integrated optimization design for horizontal well placement and fracturing in tight oil reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 178, pp. 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.03.006Sajjad Raji, Arezoo Dehnamaki, Behzad Somee, Mohammad Reza Mahdiani (2022). A new approach in well placement optimization using metaheuristic algorithms. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 215, 110640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110640Lifeng Liu, Qiquan Ran, Jinping Kong and Xin Wang (2020). Spacing optimization of horizontal wells in Pu 34 tight oil reservoir of Daqing oilfield. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 467, 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/467/1/012008Taipova V.A., Shaidullin A.A., Shamsutdinov M.F. (2017). Role of horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing in increasing the efficiency of oilfield development using the example of oil and gas production department Aznakayevskneft Tatneft PJSC. Georesursy = Georesources, 19(3), pp. 198–203. https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.19.3.8Lifeng Liu, Qiquan Ran, Jinping Kong and Xin Wang (2020). Spacing optimization of horizontal wells in Pu 34 tight oil reservoir of Daqing oilfield. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 467, 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/467/1/012008Tarasov A., Starosvetskov V. (2017). Optimization of process of geological support of horizontal wells drilling at the fields named after V.N. Vinogradov. Burenie i neft, 7–8, p. 61. (In Russ.)Lisboa E. A., Castro M. R. (2007). Probabilistic Determination of Productivity Index for a Horizontal Well in a Heavy-Oil Reservoir. Latin American & Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Buenos Aires, Argentina, SPE-107669-MS. https://doi.org/10.2118/107669-MSVoevodkin V.L., Chertenkov M.V. (2019). New technologies in LUKOIL: from simple to complicated. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo = Oil industry, 8, p. 62–66. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2019-8-62-66Martyushev, D.A., Ponomareva, I.N., Chukhlov, A.S., Davoodi, S., Osovetsky, B.M., Kazymov, K.P., Yang, Y. (2023). Study of void space structure and its influence on carbonate reservoir properties: X-ray microtomography, electron microscopy, and well testing. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 151, 106192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106192Voevodkin V.L., Lyadova N.A., Okromelidze G.V., Meshcheryakov K.A., Suntcov S.V., Malkov Yu.V. (2018). Experience and prospects of slim hole construction on LUKOIL-PERM oilfields. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo = Oil industry, 12, pp. 98–102. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2018-12-98-102Mohammadian, E., Dastgerdi, M. E., Manshad, A. K., Mohammadi, A. H., Liu, B., Iglauer, S., Keshavarz, A. (2022). Application of underbalanced tubing conveyed perforation in horizontal wells: A case study of perforation optimization in a giant oil field in Southwest Iran. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 6(4), pp. 296–305. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2022.04.04Wei Pang, Dechun Chen, Zhongping Zhang (2012). Segmentally variable density perforation optimization model for horizontal wells in heterogeneous reservoirs. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 39(2), pp. 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(12)60036-6Mohammadreza Mohammadnia, Babak Akbari, Mojtaba P. Shahri, Zhaorui Shi, Holden Zhang (2013). Generalized Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) for Horizontal Wells. SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, SPE-165691-MS. https://doi.org/10.2118/165691-MSYakupov R.F., Mukhametshin V.Sh., Khakimzyanov I.N., Trofimov V.E. (2019). Optimization of reserve production from water oil zones pf D3 PS horizon of Shkapovsky oil field by means of horizontal wells. Georesursy = Georesources, 21(3), pp. 55–61. https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.3.55-61Nazari, H., Hajizadeh, F. (2023). Estimation of permeability from a hydrocarbon reservoir located in southwestern Iran using well-logging data and a new intelligent combined method. Carbonates Evaporites, 38, 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-022-00840-yZaitcev R.A. (2022). Evaluation of the influence of the horizontal section length on wells operational the efficiency. Neftepromyslovoe delo, 6(642), pp. 47–52. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33285/0207-2351-2022-6(642)-47-52Omid Hazbeh, Saeed Khezerloo-ye Aghdam, Hamzeh Ghorbani, Nima Mohamadian, Mehdi Ahmadi Alvare, Jamshid Moghadasi (2021). Comparison of accuracy and computational performance between the machine learning algorithms for rate of penetration in directional drilling well. Petroleum Research, 6(3), pp. 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.02.004Zaitcev R.A., Raspopov A.V. (2020). A practice of development of perm krai fields with horizontal wells. Perm Journal of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, 20(2), pp.182–191. https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9923/2020.2.8Peng Chen, Changpeng Hu, Pingguo Zou, Lili Lin, Song Lu, Xincheng Gao (2021). Pressure Response of a Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoirs with Stimulated Reservoir Volume. Lithosphere, Sp. 1, 5383603. https://doi.org/10.2113/2021/5383603Peng Chen, Changpeng Hu, Pingguo Zou, Lili Lin, Song Lu, Xincheng Gao (2021). Pressure Response of a Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoirs with Stimulated Reservoir Volume. Lithosphere, Sp. 1, 5383603. https://doi.org/10.2113/2021/5383603Sajjad Raji, Arezoo Dehnamaki, Behzad Somee, Mohammad Reza Mahdiani (2022). A new approach in well placement optimization using metaheuristic algorithms. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 215, 110640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110640Sajjad Raji, Arezoo Dehnamaki, Behzad Somee, Mohammad Reza Mahdiani (2022). A new approach in well placement optimization using metaheuristic algorithms. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 215, 110640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110640Wei Pang, Dechun Chen, Zhongping Zhang (2012). Segmentally variable density perforation optimization model for horizontal wells in heterogeneous reservoirs. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 39(2), pp. 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(12)60036-6Wei Pang, Dechun Chen, Zhongping Zhang (2012). Segmentally variable density perforation optimization model for horizontal wells in heterogeneous reservoirs. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 39(2), pp. 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(12)60036-6Zhao-peng Yang, Xing-min Li, Zhang-cong Liu, Yang Shen & Xiaoxing Shi (2021). Horizontal Length Optimization of Cold Production with Horizontal Wells in Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoirs. In: Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2020. Lin, J. (eds). IFEDC 2020. Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_76Zhao-peng Yang, Xing-min Li, Zhang-cong Liu, Yang Shen & Xiaoxing Shi (2021). Horizontal Length Optimization of Cold Production with Horizontal Wells in Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoirs. In: Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2020. Lin, J. (eds). IFEDC 2020. Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_76

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.